Mr. Andersen shows you how to draw free body diagrams of various objects. The major forces (like gravity, normal, tension, friction, air resistance, etc.) are discussed and then applied to various problems.

Paul Andersen explains how free-body diagrams can be used to solve kinematics problems. The only two parts of a free-body diagram are the object and all external forces acting on the object. Numerous situations are presented and free-body diagrams for each are illustrated.

Paul Andersen explains how thermodynamic and equilibrium reasoning can be related through changes in free energy and the equilibrium constant.  When the delta G is negative the reaction shifts to the right or favors products.  When the delta G is positive the reaction shifts to the left or favors reactants.  In biological systems exergonic reactions (like cellular respiration) can be linked to endergonic reactions (like the production of ATP).

In this video Paul Andersen explains how at the smallest level all matter is made of fundamental particles; including quarks, electron, photons and neutrinos. He explains how understanding the properties of these particles allows us to understand the behavior of the matter. Do you speak another language?

Fungi Paul Andersen surveys the Kingdom Fungi. He starts with a brief description of the fungi phylogeny. He describes some of the major characteristics of fungi; heterotrophy, cell walls of chitin, hyphae, sessile. He describes the characteristics of five major phyla of fungi, ascomycota, basidiomycota, chytridiomycota, glomeromycota and zygomycota.

Paul Andersen explains how the gas pressure is the force applied over the area of the container. It is also the change in momentum as gas molecules interact with the container and is uniform throughout the sample. Several problems including pressure, force and area are included.

In this video Paul Andersen explains how gases differ from the other phases of matter. An ideal gas is a model that allows scientists to predict the movement of gas under varying pressure, temperature and volume. A description of both the kinetic molecular theory and Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution are included.

Paul Andersen explains how genes are regulated in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. He begins with a description of the lac and trp operon and how they are used by bacteria in both positive and negative response. He also explains the importance of transcription factors in eukaryotic gene expression.

Paul Andersen describes genetic drift as a mechanism for evolutionary change. A population genetics simulator is used to show the importance of large population size in neutralizing random change. The near extinction of the northern elephant is used as an example of the bottleneck effect.

Paul Andersen explains how the frequency of recombination between linked genes can be used to determine the relative location of genes on a chromosome.  Thomas Hunt Morgan and Alfred Strutevant used the fruit fly to develop a theory of chromosomal inheritance and discover crossing over.

Paul Andersen previews the information in the genetics unit. He defines the central dogma of biology and explains how DNA creates an RNA transcript that is used to translate proteins. He differentiates between mitosis and meiosis. He also explains how Mendelian genetics differs from the current understanding of genetics.

Mr. Andersen describes the virtual fly lab. Software at sciencecourseware.org allows for multiple matings and statistical analysis.

Paul Andersen explains how genotypes can be expressed or not based on changes in the environment. He starts with a brief description of the Himalayan rabbit and how melanin production can be disrupted by high temperature. He explains how this could be advantageous in both the arctic fox and hare.

Paul Andersen explains how changes in the genotype of an individual can affect the phenotype. He begins with genotype:phenotype::letters:story analogy. He explains how mutations can be neutral, beneficial or harmful. He also explains how mistakes in the cell cycle can lead to disorder, sterility or new species.

Paul Andersen explains how rock is formed and changed on the planet. The video begins with a brief description of rocks, minerals, and the rock cycle. Plate tectonics is used to describe structure near plate boundaries. Hot spots and natural hazards (like volcanos, earthquake, and tsunamis) are included.

Paul Andersen explains how the climate on the earth is affected by the amount of solar radiation and the greenhouse affect. The addition of anthropogenic greenhouse gases has led to global warming which is impacting humans on the planet. A discussion of the greenhouse effect and greenhouse gases (including water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and CFCs) is included. Countries have committed to reduce through both the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement.

Paul Andersen shows you how to graph data by hand. He explains the required elements of a scatter plot with a best fit line. He shows you how to properly scale and label the axes.

Paul Andersen shows you how to create a scatter plot with a best fit line in Microsoft Excel.

Paul Andersen explains how the gravitational field strength is directly related to the mass of the object and indirectly related to the square of the distance from the center of mass. The equation for gravitational field strength was discovered by Sir Isaac Newton and contains a gravitational constant.